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Ann Trow (May 6, 1812 – April 1, 1878), better known as Madame Restell, was an early-19th-century abortionist who practiced in New York City. ==Biography== Restell was born in Painswick, Gloucestershire, England. Her father was a labourer. At the age of fifteen she started work as a maid in a butcher's family, and at sixteen she married a Wiltshire man called Henry Summer. After three years living in England, they emigrated to New York in 1831 where Summer died of yellow fever. Restell was forced to make a poor living as a seamstress. Restell remarried in 1836, to a German–Russian immigrant, Charles Lohman, who worked in the printing trade. Lohman was a radical and freethinker, a friend and colleague of George Matsell (radical), the publisher of the radical journal the ''Free Inquirer''. With Matsell, Lohman was involved in the publication of Robert Dale Owen's book ''Moral Physiology; or, a Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question'' (1831) and Charles Knowlton's ''Fruits of Philosophy; or, The Private Companion of Young Married People'' (1831). Restell's brother, Joseph Trow, had also emigrated to New York, and was working as a sales assistant in a pharmacy. Restell began to develop an interest in women's health, selling patent medicine, and (probably in partnership with her husband and brother) creating birth control products such as "preventative powders" and "Female Monthly Pills", advertised under the name "Madame Restell". She sold these products through the post and performed house visits. The term "Restellism" became a euphemism for abortion.〔Carlson, A. (The Crimes of Womanhood ), page 116 (University of Illinois Press 2009).〕 Her business was one of a number at the time, and like them was under constant attack by the respectable and the penny press. Newspaper editor Horace Greeley criticized other newspapers for accepting advertisements by Restell,〔Schudson, Michael. (Discovering the News ), page 20 (Basic Books 1981).〕 and George Washington Dixon of the ''Polyanthos'' as well as the ''National Police Gazette'' also refused her advertisements. In 1841, Mary Rogers was found dead in the Hudson River. Newspapers suggested that she had died during an abortion carried out by Restell, although later evidence seems to contradict this. Regardless, abortion was soon outlawed. Soon it became legally defined as an obscene subject and was no longer covered in the papers.〔Paul Collins, ''The Murder of the Century''. p. 156.〕 Evidence given in a breach-of-promise case in 1854 suggests Restell and her husband were charging between $50 and $100 per abortion at this time and had a regular clientele. The complainant in the case claimed to have had five abortions over a period of seven years, of which three were performed by Restell. At this time abortion in New York was a felony punishable by not less than one and not more than three years in prison. In a further court case Restell conceded she had arranged the adoption of an unwanted child.〔: Fredrica W. Michenger vs. Mary Lohman, alias Madam Restell, Supreme Court, 16 December 1856.〕 Following Restell's arrest in early 1878, a maid discovered Restell in the bathtub at her Fifth Avenue home; she had slit her own throat on the morning of April 1, 1878. Upon her death, she was claimed to have been worth between $500,000-$600,000 ($-$ in present-day terms). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madame Restell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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